![]() ![]() Let’s take a closer look at three possible outcomes of local file inclusion: 1. Based on these factors, an attacker can gather usernames via an /etc/passwd file, harvest useful information from log files, or combine this vulnerability with other attack vectors (such as file upload vulnerability) to execute commands remotely. The impact of a Local File Inclusion attack can vary based on the exploitation and the read permissions of the webserver user. Impact of Exploited Local File Inclusion vulnerabilities The attacker will also need to know the file path to their uploaded file on the server file system. Most applications do not provide this capability, and even if they do, the attacker cannot guarantee that the app saves the file on the server where the LFI vulnerability is located. In some cases, if the application provides the ability to upload files, attackers can run any server-side malicious code they want. In this case, a hacker makes a request that fools the app into executing a malicious PHP script (web shell for example). This happens when your code is vulnerable. A local file can then be injected into the included statement. When an application uses a file path as an input, the app treats that input as trusted and safe. ![]() How Bright Can Help You Find LFI Vulnerabilities.Impact of Exploited Local File Inclusion Vulnerabilities.Manually Testing for Local File Inclusion.Including Files that are Served as Downloads.Including Files that are Printed to a Page.Including Files to be Parsed by the Language’s Interpreter.Scenarios Where Local File Inclusions Are Used.This is part of an extensive series of guides about application security If the application uses code like this, which includes the name of a file in the URL:Īn attacker can change the URL to look like this:Īnd in the absence of proper filtering, the server will display the sensitive content of the /etc/passwd file.Īs LFIs help an attacker trick a web application into either running or exposing files on a web server, a local file inclusion attack can lead to cross-site scripting (XSS) and remote code execution (RFI) vulnerabilities. Here is an example of how LFI can enable attackers to extract sensitive information from a server. LFI is listed as one of the OWASP Top 10 web application vulnerabilities.įile inclusions are a key to any server-side scripting language, and allow the content of files to be used as part of web application code. LFI attacks can expose sensitive information, and in severe cases, they can lead to cross-site scripting (XSS) and remote code execution. ![]() Local File Inclusion is an attack technique in which attackers trick a web application into either running or exposing files on a web server. ![]()
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